![Clamper Circuits Demonstration](data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciIHdpZHRoPSIzODYiIGhlaWdodD0iMTQ3IiB2aWV3Qm94PSIwIDAgMzg2IDE0NyI+PHJlY3Qgd2lkdGg9IjEwMCUiIGhlaWdodD0iMTAwJSIgc3R5bGU9ImZpbGw6I2NmZDRkYjtmaWxsLW9wYWNpdHk6IDAuMTsiLz48L3N2Zz4=)
Certain applications in electronics require that the upper or lower extremity of a wave be fixed at a specific value In such applications ,a clamping/clamper circuits are used.
![Bistable Astable Multivibrator](data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciIHdpZHRoPSI1MDAiIGhlaWdodD0iNDE0IiB2aWV3Qm94PSIwIDAgNTAwIDQxNCI+PHJlY3Qgd2lkdGg9IjEwMCUiIGhlaWdodD0iMTAwJSIgc3R5bGU9ImZpbGw6I2NmZDRkYjtmaWxsLW9wYWNpdHk6IDAuMTsiLz48L3N2Zz4=)
The bistable multivibrator has two absolutely stable states. It will remain in whichever state it happens to be until a trigger pulse causes it to switch to the other state.
![Collector Coupled Astable Multivibrator](data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciIHdpZHRoPSI1MDAiIGhlaWdodD0iNDE0IiB2aWV3Qm94PSIwIDAgNTAwIDQxNCI+PHJlY3Qgd2lkdGg9IjEwMCUiIGhlaWdodD0iMTAwJSIgc3R5bGU9ImZpbGw6I2NmZDRkYjtmaWxsLW9wYWNpdHk6IDAuMTsiLz48L3N2Zz4=)
A multivibrator which generates square waves of its own (i.e without any external trigger pulse) is known as astable multivibrator. It is also called free ramming multivibrator.
![Bit Binary Register](data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciIHdpZHRoPSIzNjgiIGhlaWdodD0iMjAwIiB2aWV3Qm94PSIwIDAgMzY4IDIwMCI+PHJlY3Qgd2lkdGg9IjEwMCUiIGhlaWdodD0iMTAwJSIgc3R5bGU9ImZpbGw6I2NmZDRkYjtmaWxsLW9wYWNpdHk6IDAuMTsiLz48L3N2Zz4=)
Flip flops are used in digital electronics some of its main applications are described below.
![Block Diagram of Intel 8086 Microprocessor](data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciIHdpZHRoPSI1MTAiIGhlaWdodD0iNDAwIiB2aWV3Qm94PSIwIDAgNTEwIDQwMCI+PHJlY3Qgd2lkdGg9IjEwMCUiIGhlaWdodD0iMTAwJSIgc3R5bGU9ImZpbGw6I2NmZDRkYjtmaWxsLW9wYWNpdHk6IDAuMTsiLz48L3N2Zz4=)
The 8086 microprocessor is available with clock frequency of 5, 8 and 10 megahertz. It is an Intel microprocessor and also a 16 bit microprocessor.
![8051 Microcontroller](data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciIHdpZHRoPSIyMDAiIGhlaWdodD0iMTUwIiB2aWV3Qm94PSIwIDAgMjAwIDE1MCI+PHJlY3Qgd2lkdGg9IjEwMCUiIGhlaWdodD0iMTAwJSIgc3R5bGU9ImZpbGw6I2NmZDRkYjtmaWxsLW9wYWNpdHk6IDAuMTsiLz48L3N2Zz4=)
The arithmetic instructions are grouped together in Appendix A. Since four addressing modes are possible, the ADD A instruction can be written in different ways:
![Absolute Addressing 8051 Microcontroller](data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciIHdpZHRoPSI1MTAiIGhlaWdodD0iMzEwIiB2aWV3Qm94PSIwIDAgNTEwIDMxMCI+PHJlY3Qgd2lkdGg9IjEwMCUiIGhlaWdodD0iMTAwJSIgc3R5bGU9ImZpbGw6I2NmZDRkYjtmaWxsLW9wYWNpdHk6IDAuMTsiLz48L3N2Zz4=)
When instructions operate on data, the question arises: "Where are the data?" The answer to this question lies in the 8051's "addressing modes."
There are six important gate parameters, classified in terms of current and voltage. The following four are maximum gate parameters.